An Exercise in Identifying Paragraph Breaks in Essays

This exercise will give you practice in paragraphing--organizing sentences into unified paragraphs in a coherent essay. InstructionsWhen originally published in 1913, this humorous essay by Homer Croy was divided into 17 paragraphs. The essay has been reprinted here without any line spaces or indentations.Either on your own or in a group, decide where the paragraph breaks should be, and be prepared to explain why. When youre done, compare your version of the essay with the original version of Bathing in a Borrowed Suit. Keep in mind that many arrangements are possible and that your version of the essay may have more than or fewer than 17 paragraphs.   Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy (1883-1965) The desire to be seen on the beach in a borrowed bathing suit is not so strong in me as it once was. An acquaintance, under the guise of friendship, lured me out to his beach one day, saying that he had full rights to the most popular ocean in the world. I had heard his ocean spoken highly of, and I accepted. Unfortunately I forgot to take my bathing suit, but he said that that was nothing--that he had one that would fit me as the paper on the wall. As I recall it those were his exact words. At last he found it in the basement, where it seems that the mice, to get the salt, had helped themselves rather liberally to its none too strong fabric. From the holes in the suit it was easy to see that the party had been a merry one and had not broken up till a late hour. The suit had never been planned for a person of my general architecture. Roughly speaking, I am fashioned along the lines of the Woolworth Building, with a slight balcony effect about the thirty-third floor. The suit had been intended for a smallish person given to bathing principally by himself. It was, in its present state, mostly a collection of holes rather insecurely held together with yarn. The waist would have been tight on a doll, while the trunks looked like a pair of pulse-warmers. I tried to find a place to get into the suit, but it stuck together like a wet paper bag. At last I got part way in only to find that my arms were sticking through where a couple of mice had polished off a meal. Finally I felt that I had the suit on and looked in the mirror. I drew back in startled surprise. There were two foreign marks on my body. One I recognized after a moment as being where my collar button had rubbed, but the other was larger. It was a dark splotch as if I had run into the bureau. But, on looking more closely, I saw that it was the bathing suit. Even under the most favorable circumstances, when attired in a bathing suit, I dont live long in the memory of strangers. Rarely ever is my photograph taken by a shore photographer and put up in his exhibition case, and practically never does a cluster of people gather around me, talking excitedly with bursts of involuntary applause. My friends were waiting on the lawn for me to join them. Taking a firm grip on my courage I walked out into the yard. The ladies were gaily chatting and smiling until they saw me, when suddenly they closed the conversation and turned to gaze far out over the blue horizon to a dim, distant sail. The ocean looked only a couple of blocks away, but we seemed to walk miles. I was the cynosure of all eyes. I had never been a cynosure before, and in fact didnt know that I had any talent in that line, but now, as a cynosure, I was a great success. When some rude boys came up and began to make personal remarks in the tone that such remarks are usually made in, I abandoned the rest of the party and hurried for the water. I plunged in, but I plunged too hard. My suit had got past the plunging stage. When I came up there was little on me besides the sea foam and a spirit of jollity. The latter was feigned. Something told me to keep to the deep. My friends called me and insisted that I come ashore to play in the sand with them, but I answered that I loved the ocean too well and wanted its sheltering arms around me. I had to have something around me. I must get back to the house and into my clothes. I worked down the beach until I was out of sight, and made a break for the solace of the basement from whence the suit had come. Many people were out walking but I did not join any of them, and as they stared at me, I began to walk faster and faster. Soon I was running. A large dog that I had never seen before rushed at me. I turned around and gave him one lowering look, but he evidently did not catch it, for he came straight on. I looked around for a rock to use for something that I had in mind, but somebody had removed all the desirable ones. So I turned my back to the ill-bred creature and star ted on. However, this did not cut him the way I had hoped. Instead, he came on with renewed interest. I did not want him to follow me, but this seemed to be his intention, although he had received no encouragement on my part. I sped up and tried to lose him, but my efforts were fruitless, and to make it more unpleasant he kept up a loud, discordant barking which jarred on my sensitive ear. I gained the yard and plunged against the door of the house, but some thoughtful person had closed it. I ran around to the rear, but the person had done his work well. So I ran back with some vague hope that the door would be open, although I knew quite well it wouldnt be. My surmises were right. Back the dog and I ran together, while curious passers-by began to stare. I soon found myself almost out of breath, but the dog seemed to be quite fresh. However, I ran back again. At last I came upon a basement door that was open, dived in and shut the door after me. I took particular pains to do that. I continued to remain in the basement. Although the time hung heavily on my hands I did not stroll out to chat with the townspeople. In the course of time my friend returned and looked at me strangely. Arent you feeling well? he asked pityingly. No, I answered sadly. I feel kind of run down. But why did you get in this basement? he asked. It belongs to the man next door. Of late I get all the bathing I want with a sponge behind closed doors. I would rather have a sponge that has been in the family a long time at my back, than a strange dog similarly located, with whose habits I am not familiar. Bathing in a Borrowed Suit by Homer Croy originally appeared in Life magazine (July 1913) and was reprinted in Our American Humorists by Thomas L. Masson (Moffat, Yard and Company, 1922).

Should The Drinking Age Be Lowered Essay - 2027 Words

Should The Drinking Age Be Lowered? One of the major problems today in United States society is the amount of people in college who are drinking while underage. Every day on college campuses we see rebellious young adults disobey the law and drink alcohol under the age of 21. How would things be different if the drinking age was lowered? Would college students abuse it or is it a good idea? Many people believe the drinking age should be kept where it is now based on statistics. I feel the drinking age should be lowered based on numerous accusations from people who state both opinions and statistics of the matter. Our generation is growing and more people believe they should be treated like adults. If we cannot be mature and do all the activities that our parents are doing at 18, then many of those people will believe they are not being treated maturely. David J. Hanson wrote an article on responses to arguments against the minimum drinking age (MDA). Hanson states in the article â€Å"citizens are legally adults at the age of 18† (Hanson). Adults can vote, own cars, operate businesses, hunt wildlife, be employed, and serve in a war but they cannot drink alcohol. Isn’t part of being an adult being responsible for your actions and being mature? There are many people who decide to get married before they are 21 and are not even allowed to have wine at their own wedding. So people are allowed to get married and have a family but are not allowed to have alcohol? We’re now in theShow MoreRelatedShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much re ading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinkingRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?853 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities around their friends to feel like they are a part of the team. Many people often wonder if the court of law stepped in and changed the age of drinking would this help the case of underage drinking. This proposed law would lower the drinking age to make the teenagers less rebellious and allow them to feel more like adults. If the drinking age were to be lowered then teenagers would feel as if they didn’t have to drink every day because they wouldn’t have to wonder when this opportunity will happenRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?875 Words   |  4 Pages Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in collegeRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1135 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, underage drinking is seen all around us. It is in TV shows, movies, schools, and even in our own communities. Although it may be understood as something we are not supposed to do, many of these shows do not depict the real issues that can come from drinking under age. While only 11% of the alcohol sold in America is consumed by those under the age of twenty-one, it is still a horrific, nationwide problem. Alc ohol is a drug that can make you do things you would neverRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1705 Words   |  7 Pagespassed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 which enforces the legal drinking age and purchasing of alcohol in the United States to be twenty-one. Since then, the debated idea of whether or not the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen has been an ongoing topic for decades. Alcoholism affects many people in the United States but promoting it at such young age would not be such a great idea for the youths in today’s society.The drinking age should not be lowered due to the fact that itRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?994 Words   |  4 PagesShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered? Approximately 2 out of every 3 high school students have drank to the point of getting intoxicated (binge drink), in more than one occasion (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Binge drinking has become increasingly common for youth under the minimum legal drinking age, making it increasingly dangerous because of the lack of supervision that young adults have that can consequently, lead to death because of fear of the law (Bonnie O’ConnellRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1639 Words   |  7 PagesMost people would concur that alcohol should not be given to teenagers. Despite the fact that we concede to this essential truth, underage drinking is still a noteworthy issue in our nation. Since adolescents need development and information with regards to liquor, they put themselves, as well as others in incredible danger when they decide to consume. Regardless of the risk, there are individuals out there who believe that the drinking age should be lowered. However, their argument is weak, andRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered2353 Words   |  10 PagesDrinking Age Over the years the drinking age or the drinking laws have been questioned and changed many times. For a few years now more recently question being, should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen? Or why shouldn’t it? In the United States, binge drinking has been a big problem. Its one of the top causes for traffic tragedies as well as other health issues that come along with it, especially among college students. However since the drinking age has changed from being 18 to 21 thereRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1599 Words   |  7 Pagesmany years is whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen years old, as opposed to where it is now, at twenty one. Some argue that at age eighteen, a person is legally an adult and able to go to war, vote, and partake in other adult activities. If they are an adult at this age, why are they unable to legally drink alcohol? There are numerous reasons why drinking is unsafe for those under twenty one. The drinking age is s et at age twenty one for a reason, and should stay that way. Some statesRead MoreDrinking Age Should Be Lowered1039 Words   |  5 Pages2017 Drinking age is already dangerous as is In recent discussions of the drinking age limit, people have always said that the drinking age limit should be lowered. Some may argue that alcohol is not bad and that it can actually be beneficially. Many people would want the drinking age limit to be lowered so that it is legal for young adults to drink. If the drinking age limit were to be lowered there would be a drastic difference in society. In my perspective I will argue that the drinking age limit

Mcdonalds The Fast Food Restaurant Business - 1180 Words

McDonald’s Corporation has continued to evolve in the fast-food industry, and introduced a more contemporary look and new menu items, while altering traditional favorites. The changes we see before us today, are all a part of the company’s strategic plan. However, five things still remain a priority in McDonald’s strategy; people, products, place, price, and promotion. The company depends on each of these core drivers to create opportunities for McDonald’s Corporation. During my research I have taken a look at how some of McDonald’s competitors measure up to the company. However, in this paper I will be discussing Burger King’s position compared to McDonald’s by using some of the recent articles I read about the fast-food restaurant business. Additionally, I will be summarizing McDonald’s strategies and performance in 2010, and the effectiveness of the company’s strategies. Lastly, I will discuss some recommendations that I would offer McDonald’s chief executive officer. Burger King is one of many competitors McDonald’s continues to crush year after year. However, all eyes are currently on Burger King with its newly introduced menu item; flame grilled hot dogs. Although it may not be bringing as much revenue as McDonald’s, this could be a smart strategy by Burger King, because hot dogs are not on a lot of fast food menus; especially not McDonald’s. It could assist the company in attracting children and other diners who are looking for something traditional and inexpensiveShow MoreRelatedFast Food Chains And Customer Satisfaction Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesare many fast food chains operating around the world today. They are operating in the same competitive environment. Fast food chains have been competing with each other since the 1950s. Competitors in the fast food industry compete with each other on key attributes like price, service quality, access, product select ion, innovation and customer satisfaction. Fast food chains around the world frequently engage in price wars. They lower their prices in order to gain more market share. Fast food chainsRead MoreFast Food Franchising Company And Corporation1342 Words   |  6 PagesMcDonald’s is a very well-known fast food franchising company and corporation. The company was first established in 1940 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Surprisingly the restaurant was not named â€Å"McDonalds† from the beginning, it was actually named â€Å"McDonald’s Bar-B-Q† and it held many menu items, but mostly barbecue. After eight years of selling their menu, the brothers noticed hamburgers were their bestselling item. It was at that time, in 1948, that the McDonald brothers closed downRead MoreKfc, A Spot Light And Taste Of Food Restaurants Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesFast food is generally food or a meal which is pre-prepared, or which can be quickly cookedwhen you or der it. You can buy fast food almost anywhere. Although fast food trend is quite newin Pakistan yet it is growing very fast, this indicate that such type of fast food restaurant have avery bright future in Pakistan .The two major fast food restaurants that have their outlets in thewhole world, are giving tough competition to each other in Pakistan. Our research is based onthe hypothesis that whyRead MoreAnalysis McDonald’s Franchise in Viet Nam Essay examples1669 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Individual Assignment Analysis McDonald’s Franchise in Viet Nam Name: Le Quang Hieu ID student: BA60114 Class: BA0662 Lecturer: Nguyen Quoc Cuong Subject: Entrepreneurial Small Business Table of contents I. McDonald’s background 1. History 2. Mission and Vision 3. Business objective II. SWOT analysis III. Advantage and disadvantage of MacDonald franchise IV. Investment decision V. Summary VI. References I. Background of MacDonald Read MoreFast Food Global Companies: MacDonalds930 Words   |  4 Pages In the late 1940’s, Dick and Mac McDonalds were searching for a way to improve their little drive-in restaurant in San Bernardino, California. They invented an entirely new concept based upon speed service (fast food) and low prices. McDonald’s is now the largest and best-known foodservice and one of the best-known and powerful brands in the market. McDonald’s is a globally known fast food company that aims particularly to young audience hence all their commercials are mainly about happy mealsRead More Mcdonalds Golden Arches Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesMcdonalds Golden Arches When fast food comes to mind, one fast food mammoth comes to mind: McDonalds. The imperial fast food giant can be linked visually to several images, but namely its trademark golden arches. Other visual images, primarily for advertisement purposes, are also stamped into the minds of Americans associating the idea of burgers and fries with the ubiquitous franchise. However, the image displayed in the Time Magazines September 30th 2002 issue, is an image that isRead MoreMcdonalds : Mcdonald s Restaurant1146 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction When you first come into the United States, what is the first restaurant that you be well known and noticeable, most of the answer should have McDonald’s restaurant. Even McDonald has built in America but in recently, to describe McDonald’s restaurant, it is one of the biggest fast food restaurants in the world. Today, McDonald has cover more than 100 countries, more than 30,000 restaurants and serves more than 50 million worldwide in one day. McDonald use letter M with golden colorRead MoreComparing The Financial Ratios And Statements From Mcdonalds And Wendys1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The restaurant industry â€Å"operates restaurants and other eating places, including full-service restaurants, quick-service restaurants, cafeterias, buffets, and snack bars† (Restaurants). The fast food sector has a number of popular companies like McDonald’s and Wendy’s. Fast food chains earn the majority of their success by offering quick, inexpensive meals made uniformly around the world (Nath). This project will be focused on comparing the financial ratios and statements from McDonald’s (MCD)Read MoreMcdonald s Business Strategy Analysis1465 Words   |  6 Pages McDonald’s MGT 608 Thirin Santiworakun National University McDonald’s When you first come into the United States, what is the first restaurant that you be well known and noticeable, most of the answer should have McDonald’s restaurant. Even McDonald has built in America but in recently, to describe McDonald’s restaurant, it is one of the biggest fast food restaurants in the world. Today, McDonald has cover more than 100 countries, more than 30,000 restaurants and serves more thanRead MoreMcdonald s Target Market Analysis Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesMcDonald’s Target Market Research has shown that McDonald’s target market is very broad. McDonald’s menu includes items that are meant to appeal to people of all ages. McDonald’s offers Happy Meals for children, coffees and breakfasts for people who are too busy to make their own breakfast or coffee in the morning. They also offer healthy options on their menu and alongside all of this they offer the usual burgers, fries and beverages. McDonald’s also offers free Wi-Fi in their restaurants for people

Different Types Of Teas That Have Different Purposes For...

In some point in our life, we all have drank or tasted coffee and/or tea. Some people love the taste or the effects coffee or tea can have on our bodies. Coffee is very effective on the body, people drink coffee to help them get going every morning. There are several different types of teas that have different purposes for the body. Tea was first discovered when a dried leaf landed in Chinese Emperor Shen Nung’s bowl of water changing the color of it in 2737 B.C. (When was tea invented?, 2016). Coffee was discovered in Ethiopia, by Kaldi who feed his goat these berries and became very energetic at night (National Coffee Association USA, 1911). Kaldi then went to share his news which would later then spread to the east. The cultivation of coffee and trade then began in Arabic Peninsula which later started coffee houses (National Coffee Association USA, 1911). Coffee became very popular after Kaldi’s discovery because of the effect (energy) it gave people when they neede d it to help them stay awake. People would eat the coffee bean as an energy snack. A coffee plant can live up to 100 years, â€Å"an average coffee tree can produce ten pounds of coffee cherry per year or two pounds of green bean† (National Coffee Association USA, 1911). According to the National Coffee Association USA, experts say that there are 25 to 100 species of coffee plants, however there are two important species, Arabica and Robusta. Caffeine is in most of our daily drinks. Having too much caffeine can beShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Speech On Drinking Tea Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesKotelyan Coms 151 1 March 2016 Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about tea Informative Speech Outline Introduction Attention getter: Ever heard of healthy water? Geez it already sounds disgusting, but actually it’s quite tasteful. This healthy water that I speak of, is tea. Drinking tea is one of the simplest things that can benefit your health. Thesis: Growing up, I have seen my grandparents and all the other adults in my family drink tea. So I have become curious in to why they would drinkRead MoreEssay on Informative Speech1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Purpose statement: To inform my audience about the health benefits of drinking different types of tea. Thesis statement: Drinking brewed teas, such as green tea, black tea, and white tea has health benefits that many people are unaware of. Pattern of Organization: Topical. INTRODUCTION 1) Whether you prefer your tea to be piping hot or ice cold, are you aware that it is one of the best things you can drink? a) According to an article from Sciencedaily.com, tea is the second most consumedRead MoreInformative Speech On Boba989 Words   |  4 PagesBubble Tea General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose Statement: At the end of my speech, I want people to understand what boba is and why is it getting popular I. Introduction A. Attention Grabber: Hilary Clinton’s first time trying boba in NY. Awkwardly fumbling with the drink, she drinks the sweet Taiwanese drink and describes it as â€Å"chewy tea† and â€Å"milky tea† B. Background Info: What is boba? 1. Invented sometimes in the 1980s in Taiwan, the Taiwanese tea-based drink comes in various types a.Read MoreArt Of Evoking Nature s Majesty Within A Tight Space1313 Words   |  6 Pagesmajesty within a tight space. Throughout 5th to 8th century Japanese gardens sprung up for ritual purposes. From the late 8th to the 12th century the Japanese gardens started to become more of aesthetic and social piece. These Japanese gardens hold many styles and elements. What make a Japanese garden so special are the natural materials, evoking the beauty of nature on a smaller scale. They’re three types of Japanese gardens the most common of the garden design possesses a stream or pond lying in theRead MoreInformative Speech-Caffeine Essay755 Words   |  4 Pages18 Feb. 2013 Informative Speech-Caffeine Outline Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about what caffeine is, the effects of it, and the withdrawal symptoms. Central Idea: Caffeine can be found in many places and comes in many forms. It can major effects on our body and we can experience major withdrawal symptoms. Introduction I. What does coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, and a bottle of medications have in common? II. They all contain caffeine, and that’s what I’mRead MoreThe Health Maintenance Of Individual Cultural Beliefs And How Families Incorporate Culture Into Health Traditions866 Words   |  4 Pageshealth traditions. By evaluating the different populations, and the different needs aids in the assistance for the healthcare provider to approach families from different cultures in a holistic manner. The purpose of this paper is to explore the African American, Spanish, and the author’s own personal cultural beliefs from the perspective of health traditions, maintenance, promotion, and restoration of health. Looking at how different cultures from different backgrounds take the traditions in whichRead MoreIOSH MANAGING SAFELY PROJECT1561 Words   |  7 PagesAs part of the Managing safely course, you have to complete a project and have it assessed. You will be expected to carry out a risk assessment based on your own work environment. You need to record the res ults on the attached sheets and submit them for marking. Do not submit any additional material in support of your project work as only the six parts of the A4 project will be assessed. The project can be word processed or hand written. When you have completed your work you should return it toRead MoreA History of the World in 6 Glasses1561 Words   |  7 PagesClasses Study Questions Introduction—â€Å"Vital Fluids† 1. The author’s main thesis in setting the book is that drinks have shaped human history ever since early humans were forced to live by rivers, springs and lakes to ensure an adequate supply of freshwater. 2. These fluids like water are vital to us because we would not be able to live more than a few days without some fluids in our body. â€Å"Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt† (Chapter 1 and 2) 1. The discovery of beer is linked to the growth of the firstRead MoreChocolate, The Food Of The Gods1581 Words   |  7 Pagespleasurable response. But could something that tastes so delicious actually be good and healthy for you? Over the years we have all heard many negative claims about chocolate, especially if you eat a lot like I do. But in fact, giving into those chocolate cravings you get may be better for you than you thought. Besides tasting good, chocolate is very beneficial to your body. Chocolate being nicknamed the â€Å"food of the gods,† has always found its way through people s hearts. Chocolate originatedRead MoreHeritage Assessment Paper1714 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigrants in the United States has contributed to health disparities in the health care system. Cultural competence can remove health disparities by eliminating personal biases, and treating every person with respect. Simply recognizing and accepting different cultures is not enough, one must be able to consistently recognize and understand the differences in order to be culturally competent. Knowledge and culturally competent practices are a must for nurses to deliver quality care in our rapidly changing

Australian Contract Law National Para Legal

Question: Discuss about the Australian Contract Law for National Para Legal. Answer: Introduction: Issue: The present case is about two persons named as Jane and Jack. Jane required some money so she wanted to sell her Sports car to Jack. There was nothing mentioned regarding the price for which the car was offered by Jane. So it can be assumed that the car was offered by Jane as a gift to Jack. The market price for the same sports car if it was in a very good condition was $25,000. Rule: When a person has given a promise to another person and has agreed to deliver it for some price then this is called consideration.. It is very essential that both the parties should perform their promises to make the contract enforceable. There are certain features of a contract which needs to be fulfilled so that a contract is said to be enforceable. Those features would include offer, acceptance, consideration, legal capacity and mutuality of obligation. A contract needs to have all these features to make it enforceable. If any of the above features is missing then contract cannot be enforceable (Lawhandbookorgau, 2016) Application: As we have already seen in the issue that Jane had gifted her car to Jane. There was nowhere mentioned at what price the car was offered so it was considered as a gift. If we need to decide that whether the said contract is valid as per the law then we need to apply a test. We need to test that whether all the features of a contract is present or not. If it is present then the contract is enforceable and if not then it is not enforceable. The test is performed below: Offer: Jane has made an offer to Jack to take her Sports Car. Hence this proves that offer is there. Acceptance: Jack has accepted the offer which was offered by Jane. Jack acceptance proves that acceptance is also present. Consideration: there was no price mentioned in the case so it was a gift given by Jane to Jack. When there is a gift the consideration cannot be there. Hence this proves that no consideration is there in this case. Legal Capacity: both the parties had the legal capacity of the contract. Mutuality of obligation: both the parties were legally obligated to perform their performance. But in this case only Jane was obligated to give her car to Jack. There was no obligation from Jacks side. Conclusion: There is no consideration involved in the present case hence, it is not considered as an enforceable contract. The said contract is considered to be unenforceable. Issue: The present case is about two persons named as Jane and Jack. Jane required some money so she wanted to sell her Sports car to Jack. In this case Jane has offered the same price which was offered in the market.. The market price for the same sports car if it was in a very good condition was $25,000. At the end Jack has accepted the offer which was given by Jack. Rule: When a person has given a promise to another person and has agreed to deliver it for some price then this is called consideration.. It is very essential that both the parties should perform their promises to make the contract enforceable. There are certain features of a contract which needs to be fulfilled so that a contract is said to be enforceable. Those features would include offer, acceptance, consideration, legal capacity and mutuality of obligation. A contract needs to have all these features to make it enforceable. If any of the above feature is missing then contract cannot be enforceable (Us legal, inc, 2016) Application: This case is different from the first case because here Jane has offered her Sports Car at a price of $25,000. This clearly proves that consideration is present in this case. Jack has also accepted the offer which was given by Jane. Conclusion: we have observed that all the elements are present in the said case. Consideration is present and the contract is considered to be enforceable since all the elements are present in this case. Issue: the third case was also similar to the 1st two cases with an exception for the price at which it was offered. Jane has offered her Sports Car to Jack at a very low price of $2,500. But the price which was offered in the market was $25,000. This means that the price offered by Jane was just 10% of the market price. Even in this case Jack has accepted the offer of Jane. Rule: When a person has given a promise to another person and has agreed to deliver it for some price then this is called consideration.. It is very essential that both the parties should perform their promises to make the contract enforceable. There are certain features of a contract which needs to be fulfilled so that a contract is said to be enforceable. Those features would include offer, acceptance, consideration, legal capacity and mutuality of obligation. A contract needs to have all these features to make it enforceable. If any of the above features is missing then contract cannot be enforceable.(Nationalparalegaledu, 2016) Application: This leads to the fact that most of the times, when a person is actually selling a commodity at a price, which is not as per the valuation of the car in the market. As per the market valuation of the car, $25,000 was the real amount and hence, the amount as offered by Jane was relatively very cheap and therefore, Jack had readily accepted the offer, as it was a fruitful offer. Hence, it should be said that as the market value of the car was more than the rate at what it was being offered, the car was being sold at a very cheap rate. This car could have been sold to any other person, or even to Jack at the market valuation. It greatly depends upon the offer or to determine the price of the commodity Jack would readily accept the offer, as the price of the car as per the market has been quite low. For this reason, it is effectively important to make sure that the contract has been signed between both the parties as in the absence of the same, either of the party can change its statements because of which there can be a legal suit against either of the parties. Therefore, it can be said that the most important factor has been the fact that when a consideration has been determined at an unexpected rate or price, a contract should be formed between the parties, as it would be used as proof whenever it is being required by either of the parties. Conclusion: In the present case consideration is present but still the contract would not be considered as enforceable since the price at which the car was offered was very low as compared to the price offered in the market. Issue: In the present scenario, a deal was being made between North Ocean tankers and a shipbuilder without making any adjustments for the currency fluctuations. Both the parties had decided that the payment would be made in the US dollars. During the process of making the ship, the government of America had decided to devalue the currency in order to make sure that the economy is stabilized. For this reason, the ship building company had demanded an addition amount of 3 million. It had stated that if the total amount is not actually remitted on time, the construction of the ship would be stopped and hence, the company will not be able to deliver the ship on the time. In order to avoid the same, North Ocean Tankers had decided for a fact that they would be paying the extra amount and get the ship delivered on time as they had a shipment on a nearby date. After getting the ship delivered, during the course of 9 months, the company did not demand any sort of refund for the extra 3 mill ion which was paid and hence filed a suit against the ship building company to refund the whole extra amount which was paid to them. Rule: A contract is an agreement between two parties where both the parties need to deliver their promises. It is said to be valid only when it contains all the elements. The elements which needs to be present are discussed below:(Clarke Clarke, 2016) Acceptance and offer Agreement should be legal as per the respective State Laws. Both the parties must have the intention to create binding relations. Consideration must be paid for the promise, which is made by the party. Both the parties must have the genuine consent. Legal capacity of the parties to act. If all the above-mentioned elements are present in a contract then it is considered as a contract. If any of the party has breached the terms of contract then other party is liable to pay damages to the party who has suffered damages. The Australian Contract Law does not allow the company to do any sort of an activity, which is beyond the clauses and norms as stated in the contract. All the activities, which are being performed by all the parties in the contract, beyond these clauses and rules in the contract, would be considered as illegal and hence strict action can be taken by the party to ensure that the issue regarding the same is resolved, in the most efficient way. The court of law would not allow doing such activities, which will terminate the clauses of the contract as mentioned in deed. Therefore, it can be said that any contract, which has been formulated, by two parties have to follow these certain laws and regulation as stated in the contract act to avoid any kind of an issue in the coming years or during the course of the company.(Legalvisioncomau, 2016) Application: In this case, the North Ocean Tankers should file a case against the shipbuilding company on the date when it had demanded an extra amount of 3 million, because of the fluctuations in the currency. As there were no norms in the contract regarding the fluctuations in the currency, legally, the shipbuilding company cannot demand an extra amount for the same. Therefore, it should be said that, in this scenario, North ocean tankers had all the rights to file a case against the shipbuilding company. Demanding an amount of 3 million due to currency fluctuation, even when it was not decided by either of the parties, North ocean tankers could have taken legal action against them and did not have to pay the total amount of extra 3 million for the building of the ship.(Hkclicorg, 2016) Though, they have paid the total amount, yet they are not eligible to get the same amount as refund from the shipbuilding industry. As the amount was paid irrespective of the fact that there were no provisions for the currency fluctuations, they cannot demand back the total amount paid as an extra compensation for the fluctuations in the currency of the country. The current case between the builder and the buyer is very similar to the case study of Amoco Australia Pty Ltd v Roca Bros Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd (1973) and Foran v Wight (1989).(Australiancontractlawcom, 2016) Conclusion: In order to conclude, it should be said that the court of law would only be following the contract was signed by both the parties and they would not be considering any extra payment made to the shipbuilding company for the currency fluctuations. If North Ocean tankers had to actually make sure that they want to refund the total amount, they should have initially taken the matter to the court and had not paid the total amount of 3 million as per the agreement. No matter how strongly North Ocean tankers file a suit against the shipbuilding company, they would not be able to get the refund from them as the management of North Ocean tankers have themselves broken the clauses as mentioned in the contract signed by both the relevant parties. Therefore, it can be said that the whole scenario would be concluded with the fact that the amount paid to the shipbuilding company would not be recovered. References Australiancontractlawcom.(2016).Australiancontractlawcom.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases.html Clarke, J.U.L.I.E Clarke, P.H.I.L.I.P.(2016).Contract Law.(3rd ed.).Australia Hkclicorg.(2016).Hkclicorg.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://www.hkclic.org/en/topics/businessAndCommerce/setting_up_business_in_Hong_Kong/making_a_business_contract/q1.shtml Lawhandbookorgau.(2015).The Law Handbook.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract Legalvisioncomau.(2015).LegalVision.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://legalvision.com.au/4-types-of-breach-of-contract Nationalparalegaledu.(2016).Nationalparalegaledu.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://nationalparalegal.edu/public_documents/courseware_asp_files/contracts/Consideration/IntroductionAndConsideration.asp Us legal, inc.(2016).Uslegalcom.Retrieved18 August, 2016,from https://contracts.uslegal.com/elements-of-a-contract/competency-and-capacity

Contemporary Issues Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research

Question: Discuss about the Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research and Contemporary Issues. Answer: Introduction Basically, in this research paper, research article namely, Half a Defence of PositiveAccounting Research written by Paul V Dunmore is selected in order to attain the key purpose of the study. Additionally, the main topic of the study is to analyze and evaluate the roles, concepts and significance of PositiveAccounting Research in theaccounting setting. Moreover, it should also be noted down that, the key aims of the critique is to create a clear understanding about the role of positiveaccounting in wider intelligence of research programs to develop fundamental analysis of behavior of human in the accounting setting. In addition, there are several arguments are presented with regards to the positive accounting research to effectively understand it. For case, this research study would indicate how to understand human behavior with the help of positive accounting research by using hypothesis as well as statistical methods. Moreover, in this paper, it would also be discussed that to mak e more specific and effective positive accounting research. In addition to this, in order to effectively achieve the objectives of the study, this research paper is classified into different major points including introduction, article summary, research problems/questions, theoretical framework and overall conclusion. Summary In the research article, the author had explained and discussed the concepts and significance of positive accounting theory with regards to accounting research programs in order to understand the impact of human behavior in the accounting setting. Additionally, in this study, it is also discussed that, people act differently in the different situations because the practices and acts of people are affected by different factors (Deegan, 2014). It is also summarized different religious beliefs are analyzed by using scientific judgment method that suggests that human behavior may be different in the various situations and circumstances. This is the major objective of the positive accounting research. It is also analyzed that, changed situations/circumstances are responsible to change the action, act and behavior of people. For example, in his research, it is found by the researcher that, reasonableness of the behavior of human is appropriate in more than eighty percent cases (Brigham, an d Daves, 2009). Moreover, based on the assumptions and facts of the research article, it is also analyzed that, in the current time of globalization, competition and digital era, the accounting functions as well as operations are becoming more complicated, automated and technical the interaction of the people or human had reduced. It is because today each and every thing is based on new systems and technology that is reducing the impact of human being. People have to work on the new system that had reduced the interaction of the people. Hence, it is more complex and difficult to understand the behavior of human being. In the research, the researcher had used various statistical and mathematical models in order to make epistemological and ontological statements and expose various methods which the positive accounting research could be used. In addition to this, it is also summarized that, positive accounting research has wider scope and can not only use to solve complicated buzzes but also used to im prove current accounting strategies and process effectively (Bogui, 2008). Additionally, it can also be summarized that, positive accounting research is a major area of positive accounting theory but positive accounting research is more effective, appropriate, valuable and significant than the positive accounting (Schmidt, 2014). For example, with the help of positive accounting research, different research in the area of accounting can be performed to bring development and innovation within the current accounting strategies, process and methods. In contrast, through the positive accounting theory, different applications, concepts and fundamental principles could be applied within the accounting setting (Dunmore, 2009). These are the major features and functionalities that bring differences among the positive research and positive accounting theory. Furthermore, positive accounting research is also considers and deal with the various standards, rules and regulations and such norms are set by the regulators as well as policy maker (Carver, 2011). On the other hand, it is also accessed that, all the decisions and actions regarding the positive accounting research are taken by the professionals, special experts and auditors. But, in order to conduct the study, the researcher had adopted various theoretical methods that do not provide proper and appropriate justifications (MacLullich, 2003). For example, in the study, the researcher had assumed that human are rational in more than eighty percent cases which indicates that more than twenty percent exemption to this circumstance. At the same time, it is also found from the study that, positive accounting theory has a direct and indirect relationship with a companys contractual value (Bamber, and Parry, 2014). Moreover, in this study, the researcher had focused on adopting both hypothesis and statistical testing techniques of research in order to test, and evaluate the reasonableness of human behavior but have despondently unsuccessful in the same. There is no specific cause is fou nd because the hypothesis is fully based on the chosen samples. There are several limitations in the research study done by the author (Lobo, and Zhao, 2013). Apart from this, it can also be summarized that, in this study, the researcher had properly focused on developing and crating much better theoretical models technique for the testing that are extremely susceptible and sophisticated to assist rigorous testing. Additionally, in the study, different concepts related to positive research, positive accounting, measurement are summarized by the author in the study that are more important in understanding the human behavior in the accounting setting. Hence, different specific and significant concepts are discussed in the study by the author (Deegan, 2012). Research Questions This research study is characterized with the various research questions and problems such as: What are the major implications of positive accounting theory and research? Explain the current principles and status of positive accounting research and how to use these to gain maximum benefits? (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). What are the major hypothesis and mathematical research techniques/methods that could be used by a company to conduct accounting research? How positive accounting is directly linked with the positive accounting research and explains the major differences among these two? (Drake, and Fabozzi, 2012). What are the major sampling techniques that could be used in the research to test the results and provide their relative advantages and disadvantages? Explain and analyze both qualitative and quantitative aspects of positive accounting research? (Hodge, Kennedy, and Maines, 2004). What is null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis and explain differences among them? How to use positive accounting research in accessing and analyzing the behavior of human in the accounting setting? All these are the fundamental and most significant research questions that had addressed from the research article. Theoretical Framework In the research study, the researcher had discussed different theoretical concepts in the area of accounting and finance that could be used by the auditors, accountants and finance manger in their practices to improve their understanding. For example, this research provides theoretical discussion on the uses, significance and importance of the positive accounting theory and research in accounting setting. Such theoretical framework can also be used by the accountants within their originations in order to bring innovation and development within the current accounting systems (Ittner, Larcker, and Meyer, 2003). Moreover, with the help of positive accounting research, they would also be able to conduct research in the area of accounting. It would also allow them to take most appropriate decisions to improve the financial and accounting transactions. In the same way, the theoretical concepts discussed in the research by the researcher would help in improving the decision making abilities of the mangers and accountants. For example, the theoretical framework related to positive accounting research would help the accountants to solve complex issues of the business effectively (Ziesemer, 2012). On the other hand, through the effective use of theoretical models discussed in the study, an individual accountant can improve current accounting actions, practices, and strategies. It would also bring accountability, flexibility, reliability and accurateness within the various accounting transactions and process. Apart from this, it is also found that, the main theoretical framework associated with this research paper is to investigate the human behavior in the accounting setting by using various statistical and theoretical research methods in an effective and proper manner (Homaifar, 2004). Significance and Limitations Significance: The major significances of the research article are discussed as below: The main significance of the research article is that it provides scope for the further study on the topic impact of positive accounting research on the total success and growth of a company. In addition to this, in this research, the researcher had discussed different sampling, theoretical and hypothesis methods and techniques to test the results. So, it is important to understand how to use various types of research method to conduct the research study and attain the expected outcomes. In addition to this, this research article is also significant because it enhance knowledge and understanding about the impact of positive accounting theory on the success of a company. Additionally, the study had also discussed various concepts related to the positive accounting theory and research. This improves understanding about the major differences among these two and their impact in the accounting setting. Along with this, this research article had opened the door to discuss the various topic s in the context of positive research. In the same way, it can be said that, this research article is more valuable, and significant (Nissim, and Penman, 2001). Limitations: The selected research article has also some limitations such as: The main limitation of the article is that, in this article more complicated and typical research methods are used to test the results and attain the research outcomes. For case, the researcher had used more complex hypothesis, sampling and theoretical method of research in order to fulfill the aims and objectives of the study. So, these methods are not easy to use and understand and create confusion among the readers (Porter, and Norton, 2008). On the other hand, the research had not presented and discussed the research questions, research objectives and research aims that are a key limitation of the study. Along with this, he had also considered and discussed most critical part of the research that required more suggestions (Montesinos, and Vela, 2013). At the same time, the author had much focused on past studies to complete the research that indicates lack use of primary method in the study. For example, the researcher had used various existing theories and their applications in order to conduct the study but these have changed from time to time and this may affect the research outcomes and results (Schulz, and Cheng, 2002). Along with this, the research did not use statistical method against the measurement errors that is a main limitation of this study. Moreover, it is also found that, there is no link of research objectives with the research problems. Hence, all these are the major limitations associated with this res earch article (Aronsson and Lofgren, 2010). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that, positive accounting research has wider scopes than positive accounting theory. Moreover, it can also be concluded that, with the effective use of positive research, the human behavior can be analyzed in the accounting setting. At the same time, it is also analyzed that, in the current time, positive accounting is not working as per standards, norms so there is it require more methodological and systematic methods. Moreover, it can be said that, with the help of positive research, specific accounting decisions could be taken by the company by solving various accounting challenges. Overall, it can be concluded that, business firms should follow and adopt positive research and theory concepts within at the workplace to bring innovation and development in the current process and systems in an effective and proper manner. References Aronsson, T. and Lofgren, K.G. (2010). Handbook of Environmental Accounting. USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Bamber, M., and Parry, S. (2014). Accounting and Finance for Managers: A Decision-Making Approach. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Bogui, F. (2008) Handbook of Governmental Accounting. USA: CRC Press. Brigham, E.F. and Daves, P.R. (2009). Intermediate Financial Management (10th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Carver, L. (2011). Venture Capital Valuation: Case Studies and Methodology. USA: John Wiley Sons. Deegan, C. (2012). Australian Financial Accounting (7th Ed.). Australia: McGraw-Hill. Deegan, C. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory. Australia: McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drake, P.P. and Fabozzi, F.J. (2012). Analysis of Financial Statements (3rd ed.). USA: John Wiley Sons. Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Available At: https://sydney.edu.au/business/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/59988/Paul_Dunmore_MEAFA_201df {Accessed On: 08 May 2017}. Hodge, F. D., Kennedy, J. J., and Maines, L. A., (2004). Does search-facilitating technology improve the transparency of financial reporting? The Accounting Review 79 (3), pp, 687703 Homaifar, G. (2004). Managing Global Financial and Foreign Exchange Rate Risk. USA: John Wiley Sons. Ittner, C. D., Larcker, D. F., and Meyer, M. W., (2003). Subjectivity and the weighting of performance measures: Evidence from a balanced scorecard. The Accounting Review 78 (3), pp, 725758. Lobo, G. J., and Zhao, Y. (2013). Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements. The Accounting Review, 88(4), pp.1385-1412. MacLullich, K., (2003). The Emperors new clothes? New audit regimes: Insights from Foucaults Technologies of the Self. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 14 (8), pp. 791. Montesinos, V. Vela, J.M. (2013). Innovations in Governmental Accounting. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Nissim, D. and Penman, S.H. (2001). Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation: From Research to Practice. Review of Accounting Studies, 6, pp. 109154. Porter, G., and Norton, C. (2008). Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Makers (6th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Accounting Theory. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA. Schmidt, A. (2014). Fair Value Accounting and the Financial Market Crisis: To What Extent is Fair Valuation Responsible for the Financial Crisis? USA: epubli. Schulz, A. K.-D., and Cheng, M. M., (2002). Persistence in capital budgeting reinvestment decisions personal responsibility antecedent and information asymmetry moderator: A note. Accounting Finance 42 (1), pp, 7386. Ziesemer, B. (2012). Medical Office Management and Technology: An Applied Approach. USA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.